# POWER CONVERTER HAVING PWM CONTROLLER FOR MAXIMUM OUTPUT POWER COMPENSATION

Imported: 10 Mar '17 | Published: 27 Nov '08

Wei-Hsuan Huang, Chien-Yuan Lin, Cheng-Chi Hsueh

USPTO - Utility Patents

## Abstract

A PWM controller compensates a maximum output power of a power converter having a power switch. The PWM controller includes an oscillator for generating a saw signal and a pulse signal, a power limiter coupled to the oscillator for generating a saw-limited signal in response to the saw signal, and a PWM unit coupled to the power limiter and the oscillator to generate a PWM signal for controlling the power switch in response to the saw-limited signal and the pulse signal. The saw-limited signal has a level being flattened during a period of time before an output voltage is generated, and is then transformed to a saw-limited waveform after the period of time.

## Description

### CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/939,552 filed May 22, 2007, and the subject matter thereof is hereby incorporated herein by reference thereto.

### FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to power converters, and more particularly, to a control circuit having a power limiter used for compensating a maximum output power of a switching power converter.

### BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Power converters are generally used to power many of electronic devices. The pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique is a conventional technology used in a power converter to control and regulate the output power. Various protection functions are built-in in the power converter to protect the power converter from permanent damage. The function of compensating the maximum output power is commonly used for overload and short-circuit protections.

FIG. 1 shows a traditional power converter. The power converter includes a power transformer T1 having a primary winding NP and a secondary winding NS. The power transformer T1 is to provide galvanic isolation between AC line input and an output of the power converter for safety. The primary winding NP is supplied with an input voltage VIN Of the power converter. In order to regulate an output voltage VO of the power converter, a control circuit coupled in series with the primary winding NP of the power transformer T1 generates a PWM signal VPWM in response to a feedback signal VFB. The control circuit comprises an oscillator 10, a first comparator 31, a second comparator 32, a logic circuit 33, and a flip-flop 20. The PWM signal VPWM controls a power switch Q1 to switch the power transformer T1. A sense resistor RS is connected in series with the power switch Q1 to determine the maximum output power of the power converter. The sense resistor RS turns the switching current of the transformer T1 to a current signal VCS. The current signal VCS is coupled to the control circuit. If the current signal VCS is greater than a maximum threshold VM through the first comparator 31, the control circuit is coupled to disable the PWM signal VPWM, and it also restricts the maximum output power of the power converter.

FIG. 2 shows the signal waveforms of the PWM signal VPWM and the current signal VCS of the power converter in FIG. 1. As the PWM signal VPWM becomes logic-high, a primary-side switching current IP will be generated accordingly. A peak value IP1 of the primary-side switching current IP can be given by,

$I P 1 = V IN L P T ON ( 1 )$

The maximum output power PO can be expressed by,

$P O = L P 2 T S I P 1 2 = V IN 2 T ON 2 2 L P T S ( 2 )$

In Equations (1) and (2), LP is the inductance of the primary winding NP of the transformer T1, and TON is an on-time of the PWM signal VPWM while the power switch Q1 is switched on, and TS is the switching period of the PWM signal VPWM.

From Equation (2), we find that the output power varies as the input voltage VIN varies. The input voltage ranges between 90VAC and 264VAC when the safety regulations are taken into consideration, and wherein the power limit in high line voltage is many times higher than the power limit in low line voltage. There is a delay time TD from the moment the voltage in current signal VCS is higher than the maximum threshold VM to the moment the PWM signal VPWM is actually turned off. The maximum output power is also affected by the delay time TD of the control circuit. In the period of the delay time TD, the power switch Q1 is still turned on, and it keeps on-state for delivering the output power. Therefore, the actual on-time of the PWM signal VPWM is equal to TON+TD, and the actual maximum output power PO becomes as follows:

$P O = V IN 2 ( T ON + T D ) 2 2 L P T S ( 3 )$

Although the delay time TD is short, generally within the range of 200 nsec350 nsec, the higher the operating frequency and smaller the switching period TS, the more influential impact is caused by the delay time TD. Therefore, the input voltage VIN should be compensated properly, such that the input voltage VIN does not affect the maximum output power.

### SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An objective of the present invention is to provide a control circuit for compensating the maximum output power of a power converter. A power limiter of the control circuit can compensate the difference caused by the input voltage and the delay time, and an identical output power limit for the low line and high line voltage input can be achieved.

Another objective of the present invention is to develop a delay counter to flatten a limit signal of the power limiter before an output voltage is generated. By properly selecting a delay period and disabling the limit signal, an unable start-up problem for the low-line voltage and heavy-load condition can be solved.

Another objective of the present invention is to develop a feedback detector to sense a feedback signal of the power converter. The feedback detector generates a detecting signal to determine the limit signal in response to the feedback signal.

In order to achieve the above and other objections, a PWM controller is provided according to the present invention. The PWM controller compensates a maximum output power of a power converter having a power switch. The PWM controller includes an oscillator for generating a saw signal and a pulse signal, a power limiter coupled to the oscillator for generating a saw-limited signal in response to the saw signal, and a PWM unit coupled to the power limiter and the oscillator to generate a PWM signal for controlling the power switch in response to the saw-limited signal and the pulse signal. The saw-limited signal has a level being flattened during a period of time before an output voltage is generated, and is then transformed to a saw-limited waveform after the period of time.

### DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following illustrative embodiments are provided to illustrate the disclosure of the present invention, these and other advantages and effects can be apparently understood by those in the art after reading the disclosure of this specification. The present invention can also be performed or applied by other different embodiments. The details of the specification may be on the basis of different points and applications, and numerous modifications and variations can be devised without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 3, which is a circuit diagram of a power converter according to an embodiment of the present invention. The power converter includes a power transformer T1 having a primary winding NP and a secondary winding NS. The power transformer T1 transfers the stored energy from the primary winding NP to the secondary winding NS. The primary winding NP is supplied with an input voltage VIN of the power converter. In order to regulate an output voltage VO of the power converter, a PWM controller 41 is coupled in series with the primary winding NP of the power transformer T1 to generate a PWM signal VPWM in response to a feedback signal VFB. The PWM signal VPWM controls a power switch Q1 to switch the power transformer T1. A sense resistor RS is connected in series with the power switch Q1 to determine the maximum output power of the power converter. The sense resistor RS transforms the switching current of the power transformer T1 to a current signal VCS. The current signal VCS is coupled to the PWM controller 41.

In one embodiment, the PWM controller 41 includes an oscillator 10, a power-limiter 60 and a PWM unit 42. The oscillator 10 generates a saw signal VSAW and a pulse signal PLS. The power limiter 60 is coupled to the oscillator 10 for generating a saw-limited signal VLMT in response the saw signal VSAW. The PWM unit 42 is coupled to the power limiter 60 and the oscillator 10 to generate the PWM signal VPWM for controlling the power switch Q1 in response to the saw signal VSAW and the pulse signal PLS. The PWM unit 42 comprises a flip-flop 20, comparators 31, 32 and an AND gate 33.

As shown in FIG. 4, in the first embodiment, the power-limiter 60 includes a delay unit 64 and a saw-limited circuit. The delay unit 64 comprises a delay counter 641 and an inverter 642. The delay counter 641 is coupled to a voltage source VCC for generating a delay signal S1 after a delay time in response to the enabling of the voltage source VCC. The inverter 642 is coupled to an output of the delay counter 641 for inverting the delay signal S1 to become a control signal VD.

Referring to FIG. 4 again, the saw-limited circuit further comprises a first reference circuit, a second reference circuit, and a current-limited circuit. A voltage-to-current circuit (V-I) 621 and a current mirror composed of transistors 622, 623 develop the first reference circuit. The voltage-to-current circuit (V-I) 621, a current mirror composed of transistors 622, 624 and a switch SW2 develop the second reference circuit. The voltage-to-current circuit (V-I) 621 of the first reference circuit is coupled to receive a reference voltage VREF for converting to a corresponding reference current IREF, and then mirrors to an output of the transistor 623 for generating a first reference signal I1. The reference current IREF mirrors to an output of the transistor 624 for generating a second reference signal I2 when the switch SW2 is turned on. The switch SW2 is controlled by the control signal VD of the delay unit.

A voltage-to-current circuit (V-I) 611, a switch Sw1, two current mirrors composed of transistors 612, 613, and 631, 632, respectively, develop the current-limited circuit. The voltage-to-current circuit (V-I) 611 is coupled to receive and convert the saw signal VSAW of the oscillator 10 (as shown in FIG. 3) to a corresponding current signal ISAW. The switch SW1, coupled between an output of the voltage-to-current circuit (V-I) 611 and a ground, is controlled by the control signal VD of the delay unit. Therefore, the current signal ISAW is passed to the ground when the switch SW1 is turned on. The current signal ISAW mirrors to an output of the transistor 613 for generating a third reference signal I3 when the switch SW1 is turned off. A source terminal of the transistors 612 and 613 is further coupled to a current source IT, so that a peak value of the saw signal VSAW will be limited by the current source IT. Another current mirror comprises transistors 631 and 632, wherein a gate terminal of the transistor 63 1 is coupled to a drain terminal of the transistor 631. A drain terminal of the transistor 623 generates the first reference signal I1 in accordance with the reference current IREF. A drain terminal of the transistor 624 through the switch SW2 generates the second reference signal I2 in accordance with the reference current IREF. A current-limited signal ILMT is generated by a drain terminal of the transistor 632 in response to the first reference signal I1, the second reference signal I2, and the third reference signal I3. A saw-limited signal VLMT is therefore generated in accordance with the current-limited signal ILMT flowing through a resistor RLMT, i.e., VLMT=ILMT*RLMT.

Referring to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, the waveform of the saw-limited circuit is shown in FIG. 5. When the voltage source VCC is logic-high before an output voltage is generated, the delay signal S1 is still logic-low, and the control signal VD is logic-high through the inverter 642. Therefore, the switches SW1 and SW2 are turned on, and the current signal ISAW is bypassed to the ground through the switch SW1 and the current-limited signal ILMT=I1+I2. During this moment, the waveform of the saw-limited signal VLMT is a flatten level. The saw-limited signal VLMT is therefore generated in accordance with the current-limited signal ILMT flowing through the resistor RLMT, wherein VLMT=ILMT*RLMT. After a delayed time tdelay, the delay signal S1 turns from logic-low to logic-high, and the control signal VD is low through the inverter 642. The switches SW1 and SW2 are turned off, and the current-limited signal ILMT=I1+I3 and therefore the waveform of the saw-limited signal VLMT is a saw-limited waveform. From the above description, the waveform of the saw-limited signal VLMT is generated in response to the states of the control signal VD. The saw-limited signal VLMT is at the flatten level when the control signal VD is enabled (ex: logic-high), and the waveform is the saw-limited waveform when the control signal VD is disabled (ex: logic-low).

FIG. 6 shows a second embodiment of a power limiter 60a of the invention, the power-limiter 60a includes a delay unit 65 and a saw-limited circuit. The saw-limited circuit is the same as the schematic of the first embodiment so the description is omitted. The delay unit 65 in the second embodiment comprises a delay counter 651, an inverter 652, a comparison circuit 654 and a logic unit 653. The delay counter 651 is coupled to a voltage source VCC for generating a delay signal S1 after a delay time Tdelay in response to the enabling of the voltage source VCC. The inverter 652 is coupled to an output of the delayed counter 651 for inverting the delay signal S1 to an inverted delay signal S1. The comparison circuit 654 is coupled to a feedback voltage VFB and a reference voltage VA for outputting a comparison signal SC. The logic unit 653 (ex: an AND gate) is coupled to an output of the comparison circuit 654 and an output of the inverter 652 for generating a control signal VD in response to the inverted delay signal S1 and the comparison signal SC.

When the voltage source VCC is logic-high before an output voltage is generated, the output of the delay counter 651 is still logic-low, and the output of the inverter 652 is logic-high. Since the output capacitor CO (as shown in FIG. 3) is short-circuit to the ground when AC line input is start-up before an output voltage is generated, the feedback voltage VFB will be pulled high by coupling to a voltage source VCC through a resistor RP. The comparison signal SC at the output of the comparison circuit 654 is logic-high when the feedback signal VFB is higher than the reference voltage VA. The control signal VD at the output of the logic unit 653 is also logic high because an output of the inverter 652 and the comparison signal SC are both logic-high. Thus, the switches SW1 and SW2 are turned on, a current signal ISAW is flowed to the ground through the switch SW1, and the current-limited signal ILMT=I1+I2. During this moment, the waveform of the saw-limited signal VLMT is a flatten level. A saw-limited signal VLMT is therefore generated in accordance with the current-limited signal ILMT flowed through a resistor RLMT, wherein VLMT=ILMT*RLMT.

The control signal VD will be turned to logic-low when the inverted delay signal S1 or the comparison signal SC is logic-low. After a period of the delay time Tdelay or the output voltage at the secondary winding NS of the power transformer T1 generated, the feedback voltage VFB will be stabilized and decreased. The control signal VD is logic-low when the feedback signal VFB is smaller than the reference voltage VA. The switches SW1 and SW2 are turned off, and the current-limited signal ILMT=I1+I3 and therefore the waveform of the saw-limited signal VLMT is a saw-limited waveform.

FIG. 7 shows a third embodiment of a power limiter 60b of the present invention, the power-limiter 60b includes a delay unit 66 and a saw-limited circuit. The saw-limit circuit is the same as the schematic of the first embodiment. The delay unit 66 of the third embodiment comprises a negative delta V counter 661, an inverter 662, and a pull-high resistor RP. The negative delta V counter 661 is coupled to a feedback voltage VFB and a voltage source VCC through the pull-high resistor RP. Since the output capacitor CO (as shown in FIG. 3) is short-circuit to the ground when AC line input is start-up before an output voltage is generated, the feedback voltage VFB will be pulled high by coupling to a voltage source VCC through the resistor RP. At the mean time, the negative delta V counter 661 does not detect a negative delta V voltage, so the output of the negative delta V counter 661 is logic-low, and the output of the inverter 662 is logic-high. Therefore, the switches SW1 and SW2 are turned on, current signal ISAW is flowed to the ground through the switch SW1 and the current ILMT=I1+I2. During this moment, the waveform of the saw-limited signal VLMT is a flatten level. A saw-limited signal VLMT is therefore generated in accordance with the current-limited signal ILMT flowed through a resistor RLMT, wherein VLMT=ILMT*RLMT. Since the output capacitor CO (as shown in FIG. 3) is short-circuit to the ground when AC line input is start-up before an output voltage is generated, the feedback voltage VFB will be pulled high by coupling to a voltage source VCC through a resistor RP.

After the output voltage at the secondary winding NS is established, the feedback voltage VFB will be stabilized and decreased. The negative delta V voltage is detected by the negative delta V counter 661, so the output terminal of the negative delta V counter 661 is logic-high (enable), and the control signal VD is logic-low through the inverter 662. When the control signal VD is logic-low, the switches SW1 and SW2 are turned off, and the current-limited signal ILMT=I1+I3 and therefore the waveform of the saw-limited signal VLMT is a saw-limited waveform.

In contrast to the prior art, the power limiters 60, 60a and 60b of the present invention further employ the delay units 64, 65, and 66, respectively, to control the waveform of the saw-limited signal. By properly selecting a delay period and disabling the saw-limited signal, an unable start-up problem for the low-line voltage and heavy-load condition can be solved.

The foregoing descriptions of the detailed embodiments are only illustrated to disclose the features and functions of the present invention and not restrictive of the scope of the present invention. It should be understood to those in the art that all modifications and variations according to the spirit and principle in the disclosure of the present invention should fall within the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A PWM controller for compensating a maximum output power of a power converter including a power switch, comprising:
an oscillator for generating a saw signal and a pulse signal;
a power limiter coupled to the oscillator for generating a saw-limited signal in response to the saw signal; and
a PWM unit coupled to the power limiter and the oscillator to generate a PWM signal for controlling the power switch in response to the saw-limited signal and the pulse signal;
wherein the saw-limited signal has a level being flattened during a period of time before an output voltage is generated, and is then transformed to a saw-limited waveform after the period of time.
an oscillator for generating a saw signal and a pulse signal;
a power limiter coupled to the oscillator for generating a saw-limited signal in response to the saw signal; and
a PWM unit coupled to the power limiter and the oscillator to generate a PWM signal for controlling the power switch in response to the saw-limited signal and the pulse signal;
wherein the saw-limited signal has a level being flattened during a period of time before an output voltage is generated, and is then transformed to a saw-limited waveform after the period of time.
2. The PWM controller of claim 1, wherein the power limiter comprises:
a delay unit for generating a control signal for controlling the waveform of the saw-limited signal; and
a saw-limited circuit coupled to the delay unit and the oscillator for receiving the control signal and the saw signal and generating the saw-limited signal in response to states of the control signal.
a delay unit for generating a control signal for controlling the waveform of the saw-limited signal; and
a saw-limited circuit coupled to the delay unit and the oscillator for receiving the control signal and the saw signal and generating the saw-limited signal in response to states of the control signal.
3. The PWM controller of claim 2, wherein the saw-limited circuit comprises:
a first reference circuit for generating a first reference signal;
a second reference circuit coupled to the delayed unit for receiving the control signal and providing a second reference signal in response to the control signal; and
a current limited circuit coupled to the oscillator, the delay unit, the first reference circuit and the second reference circuit for generating the saw-limited signal in response to the saw signal, the first reference signal, the second reference signal and the control signal.
a first reference circuit for generating a first reference signal;
a second reference circuit coupled to the delayed unit for receiving the control signal and providing a second reference signal in response to the control signal; and
a current limited circuit coupled to the oscillator, the delay unit, the first reference circuit and the second reference circuit for generating the saw-limited signal in response to the saw signal, the first reference signal, the second reference signal and the control signal.
4. The PWM controller of claim 2, wherein the delay unit comprises:
a delay counter for generating a delay signal in response to an enabling of a voltage source; and
an inverter coupled to the delay counter for inverting the delay signal and generating the control signal.
a delay counter for generating a delay signal in response to an enabling of a voltage source; and
an inverter coupled to the delay counter for inverting the delay signal and generating the control signal.
5. The PWM controller of claim 2, wherein the delay unit comprises:
a negative delta V counter for generating a delay signal when detecting a negative delta V signal, wherein the delay signal is enabled once the output voltage is generated and a feedback voltage starts to decrease; and
an inverter coupled to the negative delta V counter for inverting the delay signal and generating the control signal.
a negative delta V counter for generating a delay signal when detecting a negative delta V signal, wherein the delay signal is enabled once the output voltage is generated and a feedback voltage starts to decrease; and
an inverter coupled to the negative delta V counter for inverting the delay signal and generating the control signal.
6. The PWM controller of claim 2, wherein the delay unit comprises:
a delay counter for generating a delay signal in response to a voltage source;
an inverter coupled to the delay counter for inverting the delay signal to generate an inverted delay signal;
a comparison circuit for generating a comparison signal in response to a comparison between a feedback voltage and a reference voltage; and
a logic unit for generating the control signal in response to the inverted delay signal and the comparison signal.
a delay counter for generating a delay signal in response to a voltage source;
an inverter coupled to the delay counter for inverting the delay signal to generate an inverted delay signal;
a comparison circuit for generating a comparison signal in response to a comparison between a feedback voltage and a reference voltage; and
a logic unit for generating the control signal in response to the inverted delay signal and the comparison signal.
7. A power converter, comprising:
a power switch for controlling a current flow through a transformer;
a PWM controller for generating a PWM signal for controlling the power switch to switch the transformer, wherein the PWM controller comprises:
an oscillator for generating a saw signal and a pulse signal;
a power limiter coupled to the oscillator for generating a saw-limited signal in response the saw signal; and
a PWM unit coupled to the power limiter and the oscillator for generating the PWM signal for controlling the power switch in response to the saw-limited signal and the pulse signal;
wherein the saw-limited signal has a level being flattened during a period of time before an output voltage is generated, and is then transformed to a saw-limited waveform after the period of time.
a power switch for controlling a current flow through a transformer;
a PWM controller for generating a PWM signal for controlling the power switch to switch the transformer, wherein the PWM controller comprises:
an oscillator for generating a saw signal and a pulse signal;
a power limiter coupled to the oscillator for generating a saw-limited signal in response the saw signal; and
a PWM unit coupled to the power limiter and the oscillator for generating the PWM signal for controlling the power switch in response to the saw-limited signal and the pulse signal;
wherein the saw-limited signal has a level being flattened during a period of time before an output voltage is generated, and is then transformed to a saw-limited waveform after the period of time.
8. The power converter of claim 7, wherein the power limiter comprises:
a delay unit for generating a control signal for controlling the waveform of the saw-limited signal; and
a saw-limited circuit coupled to the delay unit and the oscillator for receiving the control signal and the saw signal and generating the saw-limited signal in response to states of the control signal.
a delay unit for generating a control signal for controlling the waveform of the saw-limited signal; and
a saw-limited circuit coupled to the delay unit and the oscillator for receiving the control signal and the saw signal and generating the saw-limited signal in response to states of the control signal.
9. The power converter of claim 8, wherein the saw-limited circuit comprises:
a first reference circuit for generating a first reference signal;
a second reference circuit coupled to the delayed unit for receiving the control signal and providing a second reference signal in response to the control signal; and
a current limited circuit coupled to the oscillator, the delay unit, the first reference circuit, and the second reference circuit for generating the saw-limited signal in response to the saw signal, the first reference signal, the second reference signal and the control signal.
a first reference circuit for generating a first reference signal;
a second reference circuit coupled to the delayed unit for receiving the control signal and providing a second reference signal in response to the control signal; and
a current limited circuit coupled to the oscillator, the delay unit, the first reference circuit, and the second reference circuit for generating the saw-limited signal in response to the saw signal, the first reference signal, the second reference signal and the control signal.
10. The power converter of claim 8, wherein the delay unit comprises:
a delay counter for generating a delay signal in response to an enabling of a voltage source; and
an inverter coupled to the delay counter for inverting the delay signal to generate the control signal.
a delay counter for generating a delay signal in response to an enabling of a voltage source; and
an inverter coupled to the delay counter for inverting the delay signal to generate the control signal.
11. The power converter of claim 8, wherein the delay unit comprises:
a negative delta V counter for generating a delay signal when detecting a negative delta V signal, wherein the delay signal is enabled once the output voltage is generated and a feedback voltage starts to decrease; and
an inverter coupled to the negative delta V counter for inverting the delay signal to generate the control signal.
a negative delta V counter for generating a delay signal when detecting a negative delta V signal, wherein the delay signal is enabled once the output voltage is generated and a feedback voltage starts to decrease; and
an inverter coupled to the negative delta V counter for inverting the delay signal to generate the control signal.
12. The power converter of claim 8, wherein the delay unit comprises:
a delay counter for generating a delay signal in response to a voltage source;
an inverter coupled to the delay counter for inverting the delay signal to generate an inverted delay signal;
a comparison circuit for generating a comparison signal in response to a comparison between a feedback voltage and a reference voltage; and
a logic unit for generating the control signal in response to the inverted delay signal and the comparison signal.
a delay counter for generating a delay signal in response to a voltage source;
an inverter coupled to the delay counter for inverting the delay signal to generate an inverted delay signal;
a comparison circuit for generating a comparison signal in response to a comparison between a feedback voltage and a reference voltage; and
a logic unit for generating the control signal in response to the inverted delay signal and the comparison signal.